The ever-increasing demand for textile products, textile mills, and their effluent have all increased in recent years, resulting in a serious pollution problem around the world. Many chemicals used in the textile industry are harmful to the environment and human health. Dyes are considered major contaminants among the many compounds found in textile effluent. Water pollution produced by the discharge of untreated wastewater and the use of toxic chemicals, during processing, are global environmental issues linked with the textile industry. Textile mills discharge a considerable amount of wastewater that contains poisonous and dangerous substances that harm the environment. When hazardous wastes are released into the air, water, or on land, they can quickly travel throughout the ecosystem, causing higher health risks. The global environmental problems associated with the textile industry are related to water pollution caused by the discharge of untreated effluent, and the use of toxic chemicals, during processing. Textile effluent is a critical environmental concern because it reduces oxygen concentrations due to the presence of hydrosulphides and blocks the passage of light through water bodies, both of which are harmful to the water ecosystem. Thus, this review focuses on textile effluent treatment techniques and the physical-chemical treatment parameters taken into consideration during primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. It also discusses effluent of biological-oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical-oxygen-demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. With more severe restrictions expected in the future, control measures must be implemented to minimize effluent pollution. As a result, new treatment procedures and environmentally friendly chemicals must be employed to reduce the impact of textile effluent on humans and the environment. As a result, the article review covers all of the causes of textile effluents, wastewater reuse, and energy generation, as well as its treatment approaches and future perspectives.
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